The Pierre Auger Collaboration

A. Aab⁴¹, P. Abreu⁶⁵, M. Aglietta⁵², E.J. Ahn⁸¹, I. Al Samarai²⁸, I.F.M. Albuquerque¹⁶, I. Allekotte¹, P. Allison⁸⁶, A. Almela¹¹^,
8, J. Alvarez Castillo⁵⁸, J. Alvarez-Muñiz⁷⁵, R. Alves Batista⁴⁰, M. Ambrosio⁴³, A. Aminaei⁵⁹, G.A. Anastasi⁴⁵, L. Anchordoqui⁸⁰, S. Andringa⁶⁵, C. Aramo⁴³, F. Arqueros⁷², N. Arsene⁶⁸, H. Asorey¹^,
24, P. Assis⁶⁵, J. Aublin³⁰, M. Ave¹, M. Avenier³¹, G. Avila¹⁰, N. Awal⁸⁴, A.M. Badescu⁶⁹, K.B. Barber¹², J. Bäuml³⁵, C. Baus³⁵, J.J. Beatty⁸⁶, K.H. Becker³⁴, J.A. Bellido¹², C. Berat³¹, M.E. Bertaina⁵², X. Bertou¹, P.L. Biermann³⁸, P. Billoir³⁰, S.G. Blaess¹², A. Blanco⁶⁵, M. Blanco³⁰, J. Blazek²⁶, C. Bleve⁴⁷, H. Blümer³⁵^,
36, M. Boháčová²⁶, D. Boncioli⁵¹, C. Bonifazi²², N. Borodai⁶³, J. Brack⁷⁸, I. Brancus⁶⁶, T. Bretz³⁹, A. Bridgeman³⁶, P. Brogueira⁶⁵, P. Buchholz⁴¹, A. Bueno⁷⁴, S. Buitink⁵⁹, M. Buscemi⁴³, K.S. Caballero-Mora⁵⁶, B. Caccianiga⁴², L. Caccianiga³⁰, M. Candusso⁴⁴, L. Caramete⁶⁷, R. Caruso⁴⁵, A. Castellina⁵², G. Cataldi⁴⁷, L. Cazon⁶⁵, R. Cester⁴⁶, A.G. Chavez⁵⁷, A. Chiavassa⁵², J.A. Chinellato¹⁷, J. Chudoba²⁶, M. Cilmo⁴³, R.W. Clay¹², G. Cocciolo⁴⁷, R. Colalillo⁴³, A. Coleman⁸⁷, L. Collica⁴², M.R. Coluccia⁴⁷, R. Conceição⁶⁵, F. Contreras⁹, M.J. Cooper¹², A. Cordier²⁹, S. Coutu⁸⁷, C.E. Covault⁷⁶, J. Cronin⁸⁸, R. Dallier³³^,
32, B. Daniel¹⁷, S. Dasso⁵^{, 3}, K. Daumiller³⁶, B.R. Dawson¹², R.M. de Almeida²³, S.J. de Jong⁵⁹^{, 61}, G. De Mauro⁵⁹, J.R.T. de Mello Neto²², I. De Mitri⁴⁷, J. de Oliveira²³, V. de Souza¹⁵, L. del Peral⁷³, O. Deligny²⁸, H. Dembinski³⁶, N. Dhital⁸³, C. Di Giulio⁴⁴, A. Di Matteo⁴⁸, J.C. Diaz⁸³, M.L. Díaz Castro¹⁷, F. Diogo⁶⁵, C. Dobrigkeit ¹⁷, W. Docters⁶⁰, J.C. D'Olivo⁵⁸, A. Dorofeev⁷⁸, Q. Dorosti Hasankiadeh³⁶, R.C. dos Anjos¹⁵, M.T. Dova⁴, J. Ebr²⁶, R. Engel³⁶, M. Erdmann³⁹, M. Erfani⁴¹, C.O. Escobar⁸¹^{, 17}, J. Espadanal⁶⁵, A. Etchegoyen⁸^,
11, H. Falcke⁵⁹^{, 62, 61}, K. Fang⁸⁸, G. Farrar⁸⁴, A.C. Fauth¹⁷, N. Fazzini⁸¹, A.P. Ferguson⁷⁶, B. Fick⁸³, J.M. Figueira⁸, A. Filevich⁸, A. Filipčič⁷⁰^,
71, B.D. Fox⁸⁹, O. Fratu⁶⁹, M.M. Freire⁶, T. Fujii⁸⁸, B. García⁷, D. García-Gámez²⁹, D. Garcia-Pinto⁷², F. Gate³³, H. Gemmeke³⁷, A. Gherghel-Lascu⁶⁶, P.L. Ghia³⁰, U. Giaccari²², M. Giammarchi⁴², M. Giller⁶⁴, D. Głas⁶⁴, C. Glaser³⁹, H. Glass⁸¹, G. Golup¹, M. Gómez Berisso¹, P.F. Gómez Vitale¹⁰, N. González⁸, B. Gookin⁷⁸, J. Gordon⁸⁶, A. Gorgi⁵², P. Gorham⁸⁹, P. Gouffon¹⁶, N. Griffith⁸⁶, A.F. Grillo⁵¹, T.D. Grubb¹², F. Guarino⁴³, G.P. Guedes¹⁸, M.R. Hampel⁸, P. Hansen⁴, D. Harari¹, T.A. Harrison¹², S. Hartmann³⁹, J.L. Harton⁷⁸, A. Haungs³⁶, T. Hebbeker³⁹, D. Heck³⁶, P. Heimann⁴¹, N. Hemery³⁰, A.E. Herve³⁶, G.C. Hill¹², C. Hojvat⁸¹, N. Hollon⁸⁸, E. Holt³⁶, P. Homola³⁴, J.R. Hörandel⁵⁹^,
61, P. Horvath²⁷, M. Hrabovský²⁷^{, 26}, D. Huber³⁵, T. Huege³⁶, A. Insolia⁴⁵, P.G. Isar⁶⁷, I. Jandt³⁴, S. Jansen⁵⁹^{, 61}, C. Jarne⁴, J.A. Johnsen⁷⁷, M. Josebachuili⁸, A. Kääpä³⁴, O. Kambeitz³⁵, K.H. Kampert³⁴, P. Kasper⁸¹, I. Katkov³⁵, B. Kégl²⁹, B. Keilhauer³⁶, A. Keivani⁸⁷, E. Kemp¹⁷, R.M. Kieckhafer⁸³, H.O. Klages³⁶, M. Kleifges³⁷, J. Kleinfeller⁹, R. Krause³⁹, N. Krohm³⁴, O. Krömer³⁷, D. Kuempel³⁹, G. Kukec Mezek⁷¹, N. Kunka³⁷, A.W. Kuotb Awad³⁶, D. LaHurd⁷⁶, L. Latronico⁵², R. Lauer⁹¹, M. Lauscher³⁹, P. Lautridou³³, S. Le Coz³¹, D. Lebrun³¹, P. Lebrun⁸¹, M.A. Leigui de Oliveira²¹, A. Letessier-Selvon³⁰, I. Lhenry-Yvon²⁸, K. Link³⁵, L. Lopes⁶⁵, R. López⁵³, A. López Casado⁷⁵, K. Louedec³¹, A. Lucero⁸, M. Malacari¹², S. Maldera⁵², M. Mallamaci⁴², J. Maller³³, D. Mandat²⁶, P. Mantsch⁸¹, A.G. Mariazzi⁴, V. Marin³³, I.C. Mariş⁷⁴, G. Marsella⁴⁷, D. Martello⁴⁷, L. Martin³³^{, 32}, H. Martinez⁵⁴, O. Martínez Bravo⁵³, D. Martraire²⁸, J.J. Masías Meza³, H.J. Mathes³⁶, S. Mathys³⁴, J. Matthews⁸², J.A.J. Matthews⁹¹, G. Matthiae⁴⁴, D. Maurizio¹³, E. Mayotte⁷⁷, P.O. Mazur⁸¹, C. Medina⁷⁷, G. Medina-Tanco⁵⁸, R. Meissner³⁹, V.B.B. Mello²², D. Melo⁸, A. Menshikov³⁷, S. Messina⁶⁰, M.I. Micheletti⁶, L. Middendorf³⁹, I.A. Minaya⁷², L. Miramonti⁴², B. Mitrica⁶⁶, L. Molina-Bueno⁷⁴, S. Mollerach¹, F. Montanet³¹, C. Morello⁵², M. Mostafá⁸⁷, C.A. Moura²¹, M.A. Muller¹⁷^{, 20}, G. Müller³⁹, S. Müller³⁶, R. Mussa⁴⁶, S. Navas⁷⁴, P. Necesal²⁶, L. Nellen⁵⁸, A. Nelles⁵⁹^{, 61}, J. Neuser³⁴, P.H. Nguyen¹², M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu⁶⁶, M. Niechciol⁴¹, L. Niemietz³⁴, T. Niggemann³⁹, D. Nitz⁸³, D. Nosek²⁵, V. Novotny²⁵, L. Nožka²⁷, L.A. Núñez²⁴, L. Ochilo⁴¹, F. Oikonomou⁸⁷, A. Olinto⁸⁸, N. Pacheco⁷³, D. Pakk Selmi-Dei¹⁷, M. Palatka²⁶, J. Pallotta², P. Papenbreer³⁴, G. Parente⁷⁵, A. Parra⁵³, T. Paul⁸⁰^{, 85}, M. Pech²⁶, J. Pękala⁶³, R. Pelayo⁵⁵, I.M. Pepe¹⁹, L. Perrone⁴⁷, E. Petermann⁹⁰, C. Peters³⁹, S. Petrera⁴⁸^,
49, Y. Petrov⁷⁸, J. Phuntsok⁸⁷, R. Piegaia³, T. Pierog³⁶, P. Pieroni³, M. Pimenta⁶⁵, V. Pirronello⁴⁵, M. Platino⁸, M. Plum³⁹, A. Porcelli³⁶, C. Porowski⁶³, R.R. Prado¹⁵, P. Privitera⁸⁸, M. Prouza²⁶, E.J. Quel², S. Querchfeld³⁴, S. Quinn⁷⁶, J. Rautenberg³⁴, O. Ravel³³, D. Ravignani⁸, D. Reinert³⁹, B. Revenu³³, J. Ridky²⁶, M. Risse⁴¹, P. Ristori², V. Rizi⁴⁸, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho⁷⁵, G. Rodriguez Fernandez⁴⁴, J. Rodriguez Rojo⁹, M.D. Rodríguez-Frías⁷³, D. Rogozin³⁶, J. Rosado⁷², M. Roth³⁶, E. Roulet¹, A.C. Rovero⁵, S.J. Saffi¹², A. Saftoiu⁶⁶, F. Salamida^28,c, H. Salazar⁵³, A. Saleh⁷¹, F. Salesa Greus⁸⁷, G. Salina⁴⁴, J.D. Sanabria Gomez²⁴, F. Sánchez⁸, P. Sanchez-Lucas⁷⁴, E. Santos¹⁷, E.M. Santos¹⁶, F. Sarazin⁷⁷, B. Sarkar³⁴, R. Sarmento⁶⁵, C. Sarmiento-Cano²⁴, R. Sato⁹, C. Scarso⁹, M. Schauer³⁴, V. Scherini⁴⁷, H. Schieler³⁶, D. Schmidt³⁶, O. Scholten⁶⁰^b, H. Schoorlemmer⁸⁹, P. Schovánek²⁶, F.G. Schröder³⁶, A. Schulz³⁶, J. Schulz⁵⁹, J. Schumacher³⁹, S.J. Sciutto⁴, A. Segreto⁵⁰, M. Settimo³⁰, A. Shadkam⁸², R.C. Shellard¹³, I. Sidelnik¹, G. Sigl⁴⁰, O. Sima⁶⁸, A. Śmiałkowski⁶⁴, R. Šmída³⁶, G.R. Snow⁹⁰, P. Sommers⁸⁷, J. Sorokin¹², R. Squartini⁹, Y.N. Srivastava⁸⁵, D. Stanca⁶⁶, S. Stanič⁷¹, J. Stapleton⁸⁶, J. Stasielak⁶³, M. Stephan³⁹, A. Stutz³¹, F. Suarez⁸^{, 11}, M. Suarez Durán²⁴, T. Suomijärvi²⁸, A.D. Supanitsky⁵, M.S. Sutherland⁸⁶, J. Swain⁸⁵, Z. Szadkowski⁶⁴, O.A. Taborda¹, A. Tapia⁸, A. Tepe⁴¹, V.M. Theodoro¹⁷, C. Timmermans⁶¹^,
59, C.J. Todero Peixoto¹⁴, G. Toma⁶⁶, L. Tomankova³⁶, B. Tomé⁶⁵, A. Tonachini⁴⁶, G. Torralba Elipe⁷⁵, D. Torres Machado²², P. Travnicek²⁶, M. Trini⁷¹, R. Ulrich³⁶, M. Unger⁸⁴, M. Urban³⁹, J.F. Valdés Galicia⁵⁸, I. Valiño⁷⁵, L. Valore⁴³, G. van Aar⁵⁹, P. van Bodegom¹², A.M. van den Berg⁶⁰, S. van Velzen⁵⁹, A. van Vliet⁴⁰, E. Varela⁵³, B. Vargas Cárdenas⁵⁸, G. Varner⁸⁹, R. Vasquez²², J.R. Vázquez⁷², R.A. Vázquez⁷⁵, D. Veberič³⁶, V. Verzi⁴⁴, J. Vicha²⁶, M. Videla⁸, L. Villaseñor⁵⁷, B. Vlcek⁷³, S. Vorobiov⁷¹, H. Wahlberg⁴, O. Wainberg⁸^,
11, D. Walz³⁹, A.A. Watson^a, M. Weber³⁷, K. Weidenhaupt³⁹, A. Weindl³⁶, F. Werner³⁵, A. Widom⁸⁵, L. Wiencke⁷⁷, H. Wilczyński⁶³, T. Winchen³⁴, D. Wittkowski³⁴, B. Wundheiler⁸, S. Wykes⁵⁹, L. Yang ⁷¹, T. Yapici⁸³, A. Yushkov⁴¹, E. Zas⁷⁵, D. Zavrtanik⁷¹^,
70, M. Zavrtanik⁷⁰^{, 71}, A. Zepeda⁵⁴, B. Zimmermann³⁷, M. Ziolkowski⁴¹, F. Zuccarello⁴⁵

(1) Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro (CNEA-UNCuyo-CONICET), San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

(2) Centro de Investigaciones en Láseres y Aplicaciones, CITEDEF and CONICET, Argentina

(3) Departamento de Física, FCEyN, Universidad de Buenos Aires and CONICET, Argentina

(4) IFLP, Universidad Nacional de La Plata and CONICET, La Plata, Argentina

(5) Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina

(6) Instituto de Física de Rosario (IFIR) - CONICET/U.N.R. and Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y

Farmacéuticas U.N.R., Rosario, Argentina

(7) Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), and Universidad

Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Mendoza (CONICET/CNEA), Mendoza, Argentina

(8) Instituto de Tecnologías en Detección y Astropartículas (CNEA, CONICET, UNSAM), Buenos Aires,

(9) Observatorio Pierre Auger, Malargüe, Argentina

(10) Observatorio Pierre Auger and Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Malargüe, Argentina

(11) Universidad Tecnológica Nacional - Facultad Regional Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

(12) University of Adelaide, Adelaide, S.A., Australia

(13) Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

(14) Universidade de São Paulo, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Lorena, SP, Brazil

(15) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

(16) Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Física, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

(17) Universidade Estadual de Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil

(18) Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Brazil

(19) Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

(20) Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

(21) Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil

(22) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Física, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

(23) Universidade Federal Fluminense, EEIMVR, Volta Redonda, RJ, Brazil

(24) Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia

(25) Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics, Prague, Czech Republic

(26) Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic

(27) Palacky University, RCPTM, Olomouc, Czech Republic

(28) Institut de Physique Nucléaire d'Orsay (IPNO), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France

(29) Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Université Paris 11, CNRS-IN2P3, Orsay, France

(30) Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), Universités Paris 6 et Paris 7, CNRS-

IN2P3, Paris, France

(31) Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS/IN2P3, France

(32) Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, Nançay, France

(33) SUBATECH, École des Mines de Nantes, CNRS-IN2P3, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France

(34) Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

(35) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus South - Institut für Experimentelle Kernphysik (IEKP), Karlsruhe,

Germany

(36) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany

(37) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology - Campus North - Institut für Prozessdatenverarbeitung und Elektronik, Karlsruhe, Germany

(38) Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany

(39) RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany

(40) Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

(41) Universität Siegen, Siegen, Germany

(42) Università di Milano and Sezione INFN, Milan, Italy

(43) Università di Napoli "Federico II" and Sezione INFN, Napoli, Italy

(44) Università di Roma II “Tor Vergata” and Sezione INFN, Roma, Italy

(45) Università di Catania and Sezione INFN, Catania, Italy

(46) Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy

(47) Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica "E. De Giorgi" dell'Università del Salento and Sezione INFN, Lecce,

(48) Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche dell'Università dell'Aquila and INFN, Italy

(49) Gran Sasso Science Institute (INFN), L'Aquila, Italy

(50) Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Palermo (INAF), Palermo, Italy

(51) INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi (L'Aquila), Italy

(52) Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (INAF), Università di Torino and Sezione INFN, Torino, Italy

(53) Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México

(54) Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV), México, D.F., México

(55) Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria en Ingeniería y Tecnologías Avanzadas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional

(UPIITA-IPN), México, D.F., México

(56) Universidad Autónoma de Chiapas, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, México

(57) Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, México

(58) Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México

(59) IMAPP, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands

(60) KVI - Center for Advanced Radiation Technology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

(61) Nikhef, Science Park, Amsterdam, Netherlands

(62) ASTRON, Dwingeloo, Netherlands

(63) Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Krakow, Poland

(64) University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland

(65) Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas - LIP and Instituto Superior Técnico - IST,

Universidade de Lisboa - UL, Portugal

(66) 'Horia Hulubei' National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania

(67) Institute of Space Sciences, Bucharest, Romania

(68) University of Bucharest, Physics Department, Romania

(69) University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania

(70) Experimental Particle Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

(71) Laboratory for Astroparticle Physics, University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia

(72) Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain

(73) Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain

(74) Universidad de Granada and C.A.F.P.E., Granada, Spain

(75) Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

(76) Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA

(77) Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA

(78) Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA

(80) Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lehman College, City University of New York, NY, USA

(81) Fermilab, Batavia, IL, USA

(82) Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA

(83) Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA

(84) New York University, New York, NY, USA

(85) Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

(86) Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

(87) Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

(88) University of Chicago, Enrico Fermi Institute, Chicago, IL, USA

(89) University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA

(90) University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA

(91) University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA

(a) School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, United Kingdom

(b) Also at Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Belgium

Acknowledgments

The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. We are very grateful to the following agencies and organizations for financial support:

Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza, Municipalidad de Malargüe, NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access, Argentina; the Australian Research Council; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ), São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants No. 2010/07359-6 and No. 1999/05404-3, Ministério de Ciência e Tecnologia (MCT), Brazil; Grant No. MSMT-CR LG13007, No. 7AMB14AR005, and the Czech Science Foundation Grant No. 14-17501S, Czech Republic; Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France, Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS), Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS), Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant No. LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63, within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant No. ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02, France; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg, Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP), Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF), Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Forschung, Nordrhein Westfalen, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN),Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universitá e della Ricerca (MIUR), Gran Sasso Center for Astroparticle Physics (CFA), CETEMPS Center of Excellence, Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE), Italy; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico; Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO), Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie (FOM), Netherlands; National Centre for Research and Development, Grants No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/01/11 and No. ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11, National Science Centre, Grants No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, No. 2013/08/M/ST9/00728 and No. HARMONIA 5 - 2013/10/M/ST9/00062, Poland; Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (COMPETE), Portugal; Romanian Authority for Scientific Research ANCS, CNDI-UEFISCDI partnership projects Grants No. 20/2012 and No. 194/2012, Grants No. 1/ASPERA2/2012 ERA-NET, No. PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0145-17 and No. PN-II-RU-PD-2011-3-0062, the Minister of National Education, Programme Space Technology and Advanced Research (STAR), Grant No. 83/2013, Romania; Slovenian Research Agency, Slovenia; Comunidad de Madrid, FEDER funds, Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Xunta de Galicia, European Community 7th Framework Program, Grant No. FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826, Spain; Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom; Department of Energy, Contracts No. DE-AC02-07CH11359, No. DE-FR02-04ER41300, No. DE-FG02-99ER41107 and No. DE-SC0011689, National Science Foundation, Grant No. 0450696, The Grainger Foundation, USA; NAFOSTED, Vietnam; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET, European Particle Physics Latin American Network, European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant No. PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; and UNESCO.